ÐÏࡱá>þÿ y{þÿÿÿxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Áa ø¿’#jbjb„,„, 0RîNîNÿÿÿÿÿÿˆzzzzÊÊÊÐØYØYØYØYôY|Ð,e´|Z|Z|Z|Z|Z[[[[[[£d¥d¥d¥d¥d¥d¥d,àgR2j6ÑdÊ[[W[[[[[[[Ñd\zz|Z|ZÛæd\\\[[(z8|ZÊ|Z£d\Þ”r^zzzz[[£d\\Vßc@²Ê£dpZ  IýÅØYƒ[”d £düd0,e+dxhj\hj£d\ÊÐЄ+T.„+ÐÐT. Topic 10 Religion, Peace and Justice PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Topic 10 – Religion, Peace and Justice 2007 (a) Describe Christian teachings about crime and punishment. [8] (b) Explain how Christians might treat criminals. [7] (c) ‘Criminals must be punished as an example to others.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your opinion and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] 2006 (May) (a) Describe Christian teachings about the use of violence. [8] (b) Explain how Christians might act during a war. [7] (c) ‘Violence is always wrong.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] 2006 (June) (a) Describe Christian teachings about the use of violence. [8] (b) Explain how Christians might act during a war. [7] (c) ‘Violence is always wrong.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] RELIGION, PEACE AND JUSTICE: KEY TERMS: PACIFISM JUST WAR CRIME PUNISHMENT: RETRIBUTION: DETERENCE: PROTECTION: REFORM: VINDICATION: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: CHRISTIAN VIEWS ON WAR AND PEACE: SOME PARTS OF CHRISTIAN TEACHING MIGHT BE UNDERSTOOD TO SUPPORT THE USE OF VIOLENCE: In the Old Testament, the first part of the bible, God is seen as a warrior and a defender of his people. God asked the kings of Israel to go into battle and to destroy everything in a city including women and children. “Pursue, kill and completely destroy them, declares the LORD. Do everything I have commanded you.” (Jeremiah 50:21) HOWEVER OTHER PARTS CAN BE UNDERSTOOD TO SUPPORT PACIFISM: In the New Testament Jesus taught about forgiving your enemies and loving your neighbour. Jesus said: “Do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, let him slap your left cheek also.” (Matthew 5:39) said, “turn the other cheek”? JUST WAR THEORY In the 13th century Thomas Aquinas drew up the Just War (justified war) principle. He thought that although war and killing were horrible things there were times when it was reasonable to fight. He believed that War was sometimes justified by the Doctrine of Double Effect because the outcome of the war justified the war itself. These were his conditions: • RIGHT AUTHORITY: It must be started by the proper rulers of the country. • JUST REASON: The reasons for going to war must be good (just) and have the right intention. • LAST RESORT: It must be as a last resort. • JUST PROPOTION: No more force than necessary should be used and civilians must be protected. DISCRIMINATION: the military must discriminate between citizens and militants. Attacks must be aimed at military and planned to cause minimal damage to civilians Nowadays Christians disagree about war. Some Christians believe that war is alright provided it sticks to the rules of a just war. Other Christians are pacifists they believe that violence is never right and that war is always wrong, one group of Christians who are pacifists are called Quakers. Throughout the Old and the New Testament peace is often mentioned. Although Christians disagree about War they all believe that God wants a peaceful world where all people live together in harmony and “love their neighbour as they love themselves.” WAR AND PEACE: KEY WORDS: PACIFISM: JUST WAR: RIGHT AUTHORITY: JUST REASON: LAST RESORT: JUST PROPOTION: DISCRIMINATION: CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TO WAR AND PEACE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT: CHRISTIANS WHO SUPPORT|(ED) THIS VIEW: CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TO WAR AND PEACE IN THE NEW TESTAMENT: CHRISTIANS WHO SUPPORT(ED) THIS VIEW: TIME LINE OF CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARDS WAR AND PEACE: 0CE 1300CE 2000CE  CE = common era JUST WAR THEORY: BACKGROUND: DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT: CONDITIONS OF A JUST WAR: MODERN CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARDS WAR AND PEACE: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT The church accepts that, in a modern society, criminals need to be put off, but we need to look at the root causes of crime as well as methods of punishment. However if a person has broken the law they need to be punished. Most Christians believe that punishment and forgiveness can go together. They also put great stress on working to stop the causes of crime. Over the last 150 years many Christians have worked towards the idea of reforming criminals as they see the idea of reform as being the most important reason for punishment. Many Christians are involved in prison visiting. DIFFERENT THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT: DETERRENCE Punishment deters people from offending and re-offending. The logic is as follows: Punishment deters crime Reducing crime is good Punishment is good Deterrence promotes an orderly society so that individuals can exercise their freedom. REFORM Aims to correct the criminal’s behaviour so that they can resume life as a law abiding citizen. Reform means that punishment must suit the offender rather than simply the offence. Criminals that have committed the same crime may therefore receive a different sentence depending on their needs. Christians believe reform is an important feature of punishment because all humans are made in the image of God. PROTECTION There are a number of different aspects to punishment as protection: To protect society from criminals re-offending by sending them to prison and giving them rehabilitation To protect the criminal from revenge attacks of the victim or victim’s supporters. To protect the criminal from self-harm. Most Christians would accept that both society and the offender need to be protected. RETRIBUTION To ‘pay back’ the offender for the crime they have committed. Punishment is just because it is what the criminal deserves. Punishment is therefore in proportion to the crime. “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” Matthew Ch5 Some Christians may support this view. VINDICATION Upholding and following the law because it is the law. For the sake of justice laws are applied to everyone in the same way. If laws are not respected them a democratic country would collapse into anarchy (chaos). Assures a fair approach. Crimes are always punished. “Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities for there is no authority except that which God has established.” Romans Ch13 1-2 Christians believe that religious authorities are given their authority by God and that social laws are developed from religious laws such as the 10 commandments. Therefore laws have some God given authority and so must be respected. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Ultimately Christians believe that giving and receiving of life is in God’s hands, not humans. "The Lord gives and the Lord takes away. Blessed be the name of the Lord" Amnesty International is an organisation that fights against injustice. It is working for the abolition (stopping) of capital punishment in all countries. "The death penalty is irrevocable - it sends innocent people to their deaths. It is a particularly cruel, calculated and cold blooded form of killing. It does nothing to prevent violent crime. It is a violation of the right to live." 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